112 research outputs found

    Hybrid modelling and receding horizon control of combined sewer networks

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    Combined sewer networks carry wastewater and storm water together. During normal operation all the water is delivered to wastewater treatment plants, where it is treated before being released to surrounding natural water bodies. However, during heavy rain events, the network capacity may become insufficient leading to untreated water discharges to the receiving environments. To mitigate these undesired effects, combined sewer networks are usually provided with detention tanks and flow redirection elements, managed to fully take advantage of the network capacity. In the last few decades automatic control techniques for the regulation of these storage and redirection elements have been developed, with real-time, global, model-based predictive ones being widely regarded as the most efficient ones due to their capacity to take advantage of instantaneous network measurements and rain intensity forecasts. In this thesis a complete methodology to develop a real-time, global, model-based predictive controller to minimize pollution effects in combined sewer networks is proposed. The physically-based model for open-channel flow is based on a set of partial differential equations, which must be solved numerically. Since in a real-time predictive control strategy the model equations must be solved many times to evaluate the effect of different control actions, the time needed to solve the equations limits the use of the physically-based model to small network instances with simple topologies. Therefore, it is a common practice to use simplified control-oriented models for real-time control. The first part of the thesis is focused on the development, calibration and validation of a simplified control-oriented model for water transport in combined sewer networks, taking into account three main features: accuracy, calibration ease and computational speed. The proposed model describes the flows through the most common elements and hydraulic structures present in combined sewer networks, some of which requiring the use of piecewise equations. Once the model equations are presented, calibration procedures to compute all the model parameters are developed. The modelling and calibration methodology is then applied to a real case study and validation results are provided. Finally, sensitivity analysis is conducted with respect to both the most relevant model parameters and the intensity of the considered rain scenarios. The second part of the thesis is devoted to model-based optimal control. First, the piecewise equations of the model are reformulated to obtain a general expression of the system by means of a set of linear equations and inequalities including continuous and binary variables. Using this general expression, matrix-based procedures for the formulation of Optimal Control Problems and State Estimation Problems are presented. Using an implementation of the case study network in a commercial sewer network simulator solving the complete physically-based model equations as virtual reality, the proposed model-based controller is evaluated. By iteratively solving State Estimation Problems and Optimal Control Problems and using the simulator to provide network measurements, a Receding Horizon Control strategy is simulated. The inclusion of State Estimation Problems in the control loop allows to perform output feedback control simulations taking into account that in a sewer network the number of available measurements is limited. Finally, a discussion of the results obtained with these simulations corresponding to different measurement availability scenarios is provided.Les xarxes de clavegueram combinades transporten conjuntament aigües residuals i aigües pluvials. En absència de pluges, tota l'aigua és conduïda cap a plantes de tractament on és degudament tractada abans de ser retornada als cossos aquàtics adjacents. En canvi, durant episodis de pluja intensa, la capacitat de la xarxa pot esdevenir insuficient donant lloc a inundacions en zones urbanes i abocaments d'aigua no tractada als medis receptors. Per tal de mitigar aquests efectes, les xarxes de clavegueram combinades acostumen a disposar de dipòsits de retenció i elements de redistribució del cabal, regulats amb la finalitat d'aprofitar al màxim la capacitat de la xarxa. En les últimes dècades s'han desenvolupat tècniques de control automàtic per a la regulació d'aquests elements d'emmagatzematge i redistribució, essent el control a temps real, global i predictiu basat en models la tècnica considerada més eficient, donat que és capaç de tenir en compte mesures instantànies del sistema i prediccions d'intensitat de pluja. En aquesta tesi, es proposa una metodologia completa per al desenvolupament d'un controlador a temps real, global i predictiu basat en model per minimitzar els efectes contaminants en xarxes de clavegueram combinades. El model físic que descriu els fluxos en canals oberts es basa en un sistema d'equacions en derivades parcials que s'ha de resoldre numèricament. Com que en una estratègia de control predictiu a temps real les equacions del model s'han de resoldre moltes vegades per avaluar els efectes de diferents accions de control, el temps necessari per resoldre les equacions limita l'ús del model físic a xarxes petites i amb topologies simples. Per tant, és una pràctica habitual utilitzar models simplificats orientats a control per al control a temps real. La primera part de la tesi es centra en el desenvolupament, calibratge i validació d'un model simplificat orientat a control del moviment de l'aigua en xarxes de clavegueram combinades, tenint en compte tres característiques principals: la precisió, la facilitat de calibratge i la velocitat computacional. El model presentat descriu el cabal a través dels elements i estructures hidràuliques més comunes en xarxes de clavegueram combinades, algunes de les quals requereixen l'ús de funcions definides a trossos. Una vegada les equacions del model han estat presentades, es desenvolupen procediments per al calibratge de tots els paràmetres del model. La metodologia de modelat i calibratge és aleshores aplicada a un cas d'estudi corresponent a una xarxa de clavegueram real i es presenten resultats de validació. Finalment, es duu a terme una anàlisi de sensitivitat respecte als paràmetres més rellevants del model i respecte a la intensitat dels escenaris de pluja considerats. La segona part de la tesi està dedicada al control òptim basat en el model. En primer lloc, les equacions definides a trossos del model són reformulades per obtenir una expressió del sistema en termes d'un conjunt d'equacions i desigualtats lineals incloent variables contínues i binàries. Usant aquesta expressió general es presenta un procediment basat en matrius per a la formulació de problemes de Control Òptim i Estimació d'Estat. Mitjançant una implementació de la xarxa del cas d'estudi en un simulador comercial de xarxes de clavegueram que resol les equacions del model físic complet com a realitat virtual, s'avalua el controlador basat en model descrit anteriorment. Resolent iterativament problemes d'Estimació d'Estat i de Control Òptim i utilitzant el simulador per obtenir mesures, se simula una estratègia de control amb horitzó lliscant. La inclusió de problemes d'Estimació d'Estat en llaç de control permet la simulació del controlador amb output feedback, tenint en compte que el nombre de mesures disponibles en una xarxa de clavegueram és limitat. Finalment, es discuteixen els resultats obtinguts en aquestes simulacions corresponents a diferents escenaris de disponibilitat de mesure

    Sistemes de Lie i l'equació de Riccati matricial

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    El propòsit d'aquest treball és, doncs, revisar el teorema de Lie i la seva demostració i il·lustrar alguns casos d'especial importància sobre els quals els resultats que es coneixen actualment tan sols poden ser trobats en els articles citats anteriorment, que sovint no gaudeixen de suficient claredat i nivell de detall per al lector no especialitzat. En aquest sentit gran part del treball ha consistit a consultar un bon nombre d'articles i seleccionar la informació més adient per tal de realitzar un treball tancat i tan autocontingut com ha estat possible. En conseqüència, una de les tasques amb més dficultat ha consistit a unficar el llenguatge i la notació en un estil més proper al que s'usa actualment en els textos matemàtics. Cal tenir en compte que bona part de la producció en el tema de sistemes de Lie i sistemes d'equacions amb principis de superposició prové de l'interès que han despertat aquestes qüestions en la física teòrica, on s'utilitza un llenguatge una mica diferent que en els llibres de geometria diferencial. En aquest treball hem intentat reescriure alguns resultats usant un llenguatge més proper al de la geometria. L'objectiu del treball és l'estudi de les equacions diferencials que admeten un principi de superposició, conegudes com a sistemes de Lie o sistemes de Lie-Scheffers. Es revisa la bibliografia apareguda en els últims anys sobre la matèria i s'aplica la teoria a una classe d'exemples particular, l'equació de Riccati matricial

    Hybrid modelling and receding horizon control of combined sewer networks

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    Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya; Departament d’Enginyeria de Sistemes, Automàtica i Informàtica Industrial. Programa de doctorat: Automàtica, Robòtica i Visió.-- Aquesta tesi ha estat realitzada a: Institut de Robòtica i Informàtica Industrial, CSIC-UPC.[EN]: Combined sewer networks carry wastewater and storm water together. During normal operation all the water is delivered to wastewater treatment plants, where it is treated before being released to surrounding natural water bodies. However, during heavy rain events, the network capacity may become insufficient leading to untreated water discharges to the receiving environments. To mitigate these undesired effects, combined sewer networks are usually provided with detention tanks and flow redirection elements, managed to fully take advantage of the network capacity. In the last few decades automatic control techniques for the regulation of these storage and redirection elements have been developed, with real-time, global, model-based predictive ones being widely regarded as the most efficient ones due to their capacity to take advantage of instantaneous network measurements and rain intensity forecasts. In this thesis a complete methodology to develop a real-time, global, model-based predictive controller to minimize pollution effects in combined sewer networks is proposed. The physically-based model for open-channel flow is based on a set of partial differential equations, which must be solved numerically. Since in a real-time predictive control strategy the model equations must be solved many times to evaluate the effect of different control actions, the time needed to solve the equations limits the use of the physically-based model to small network instances with simple topologies. Therefore, it is a common practice to use simplified control-oriented models for real-time control. The first part of the thesis is focused on the development, calibration and validation of a simplified control-oriented model for water transport in combined sewer networks, taking into account three main features: accuracy, calibration ease and computational speed. The proposed model describes the flows through the most common elements and hydraulic structures present in combined sewer networks, some of which requiring the use of piecewise equations. Once the model equations are presented, calibration procedures to compute all the model parameters are developed. The modelling and calibration methodology is then applied to a real case study and validation results are provided. Finally, sensitivity analysis is conducted with respect to both the most relevant model parameters and the intensity of the considered rain scenarios. The second part of the thesis is devoted to model-based optimal control. First, the piecewise equations of the model are reformulated to obtain a general expression of the system by means of a set of linear equations and inequalities including continuous and binary variables. Using this general expression, matrix-based procedures for the formulation of Optimal Control Problems and State Estimation Problems are presented. Using an implementation of the case study network in a commercial sewer network simulator solving the complete physically-based model equations as virtual reality, the proposed model-based controller is evaluated. By iteratively solving State Estimation Problems and Optimal Control Problems and using the simulator to provide network measurements, a Receding Horizon Control strategy is simulated. The inclusion of State Estimation Problems in the control loop allows to perform output feedback control simulations taking into account that in a sewer network the number of available measurements is limited. Finally, a discussion of the results obtained with these simulations corresponding to different measurement availability scenarios is provided.[CA]: Les xarxes de clavegueram combinades transporten conjuntament aigües residuals i aigües pluvials. En absència de pluges, tota l'aigua és conduïda cap a plantes de tractament on és degudament tractada abans de ser retornada als cossos aquàtics adjacents. En canvi, durant episodis de pluja intensa, la capacitat de la xarxa pot esdevenir insuficient donant lloc a inundacions en zones urbanes i abocaments d'aigua no tractada als medis receptors. Per tal de mitigar aquests efectes, les xarxes de clavegueram combinades acostumen a disposar de dipòsits de retenció i elements de redistribució del cabal, regulats amb la finalitat d'aprofitar al màxim la capacitat de la xarxa. En les últimes dècades s'han desenvolupat tècniques de control automàtic per a la regulació d'aquests elements d'emmagatzematge i redistribució, essent el control a temps real, global i predictiu basat en models la tècnica considerada més eficient, donat que és capaç de tenir en compte mesures instantànies del sistema i prediccions d'intensitat de pluja. En aquesta tesi, es proposa una metodologia completa per al desenvolupament d'un controlador a temps real, global i predictiu basat en model per minimitzar els efectes contaminants en xarxes de clavegueram combinades. El model físic que descriu els fluxos en canals oberts es basa en un sistema d'equacions en derivades parcials que s'ha de resoldre numèricament. Com que en una estratègia de control predictiu a temps real les equacions del model s'han de resoldre moltes vegades per avaluar els efectes de diferents accions de control, el temps necessari per resoldre les equacions limita l'ús del model físic a xarxes petites i amb topologies simples. Per tant, és una pràctica habitual utilitzar models simplificats orientats a control per al control a temps real. La primera part de la tesi es centra en el desenvolupament, calibratge i validació d'un model simplificat orientat a control del moviment de l'aigua en xarxes de clavegueram combinades, tenint en compte tres característiques principals: la precisió, la facilitat de calibratge i la velocitat computacional. El model presentat descriu el cabal a través dels elements i estructures hidràuliques més comunes en xarxes de clavegueram combinades, algunes de les quals requereixen l'ús de funcions definides a trossos. Una vegada les equacions del model han estat presentades, es desenvolupen procediments per al calibratge de tots els paràmetres del model. La metodologia de modelat i calibratge ésaleshores aplicada a un cas d'estudi corresponent a una xarxa de clavegueram real i es presenten resultats de validació. Finalment, es duu a terme una anàlisi de sensitivitat respecte als paràmetres més rellevants del model i respecte a la intensitat dels escenaris de pluja considerats. La segona part de la tesi està dedicada al control òptim basat en el model. En primer lloc, les equacions definides a trossos del model són reformulades per obtenir una expressió del sistema en termes d'un conjunt d'equacions i desigualtats lineals incloent variables contínues i binàries. Usant aquesta expressió general es presenta un procediment basat en matrius per a la formulació de problemes de Control Òptim i Estimació d'Estat. Mitjançant una implementació de la xarxa del cas d'estudi en un simulador comercial de xarxes de clavegueram que resol les equacions del model físic complet com a realitat virtual, s'avalua el controlador basat en model descrit anteriorment. Resolent iterativament problemes d'Estimació d'Estat i de Control Òptim i utilitzant el simulador per obtenir mesures, se simula una estratègia de control amb horitzó lliscant. La inclusió de problemes d'Estimació d'Estat en llaç de control permet la simulació del controlador amb output feedback, tenint en compte que el nombre de mesures disponibles en una xarxa de clavegueram és limitat. Finalment, es discuteixen els resultats obtinguts en aquestes simulacions corresponents a diferents escenaris de disponibilitat de mesures.Peer Reviewe

    Hybrid control-oriented modeling of combined sewer networks: Barcelona case study

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    Trabajo presentado a la 11th International Conference on Hydroinformatics celebrada en New York (US) del 17 al 21 de agosto de 2014.A hybrid linear model for real-time optimization-based control of a combined sewer network has been developed to be used for the minimization of pollution during storm events. The model takes into account delays and attenuation in sewers together with piecewise linear approximations for flow over weirs, overflows in junctions and flow re-entering the network after overflows. Using the proposed model, an Optimal Control Problem (OCP) is formulated, which can be efficiently solved by means of a mixed integer linear or quadratic programming problem. The performance of a Model Predictive Control (MPC) strategy solving consecutive OCPs is assessed by means of closed-loop simulations using a physically-based complex model as virtual reality.Peer Reviewe

    Output-feedback model predictive control of sewer networks through moving horizon estimation

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    Trabajo presentado a la 53rd IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC 2014), celebrada del 15 al 17 de diciembre en Los Angeles, California (US).Based on a simplified control-oriented hybrid linear delayed model, model predictive control (MPC) of a sewer network designed to reduce pollution during heavy rain events is presented. The lack of measurements at many parts of the system to update the initial conditions of the optimal control problems (OCPs) leads to the need for estimation techniques. A simple modification of the OCP used in the MPC iterations allows to formulate a state estimation problem (SEP) to reconstruct the full system state from a few measurements. Results comparing the system performance under the MPC controller using full-state measurements and a moving horizon estimation (MHE) strategy solving a finite horizon SEP at each time instant are presented. Closed-loop simulations are performed by using a detailed physically-based model of the network as virtual reality.This work has been partially funded by the research project ECOCIS (DPI–2013–48243–C2–1–R).Peer Reviewe

    Advanced integrated real-time control of combined Urban drainage systems using MPC

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    Combined urban drainage system (CUDS) collect both wastewater and raining water through sewer networks to wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) before releasing to the environment. During storm weather, rain and wastewater can overload the capacity of the CUDS and/or the WWTPs, producing combined sewer overflows (CSO). In order to improve the management efficiency of CUDS, advanced real-time control (RTC) of detention and diversion infrastructures in the sewer systems has been proven to contribute to reducing the CSO volumes. This work considers the integrated RTC of sewer network and WWTPs based on model predictive control (MPC) and taking into account the water quality as well as quantity, with the objective of minimizing the environmental impact of CSO on receiving waters. The control approach is validated using a real pilot Badalona sewer network in Spain. The first results, discussion and conclusions are also provided.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

    A control-oriented hybrid modelling approach for sewer networks: Barcelona case study

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    A simplified sewer nework modelling approach based on the hybrid linear systems framework is discussed. It involives both continuous and discrete variables to include a novel approximation of the overflow and flow over weirs phenomena. The model is validated against data provided by a simulator based on a physical model and is shown to be easily adapted to an optimal/predictive control setting that allows the computation of optimal control actions through the solution of a mixed-integer programming problem.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author’s final draft

    Receding horizon control of hybrid linear delayed systems: application to sewer networks

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    A control-oriented hybrid linear model for water transport in sewer networks is proposed as a suitable framework for the computation of real-time controllers for the minimization of flooding in presence of heavy-rain events. The model is based on individual network elements (sewers, gates, weirs and tanks) and does not rely on topological simplifications, thus providing a better description of the hydrological and hydraulic phenomena than in similar works. Using a generic form of a hybrid linear model, a simple matrix-based procedure for the formulation and solution of an optimal control problem is also presented. This procedure is applied to the sewer network model for the case study of a part of the Barcelona sewer network in a receding horizon control strategy, showing the effectiveness of the proposed control approach.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author’s final draft

    Chance-constrained model predictive control for drinking water networks

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    This paper addresses a chance-constrained model predictive control (CC-MPC) strategy for the management of drinking water networks (DWNs) based on a finite horizon stochastic optimisation problem with joint probabilistic (chance) constraints. In this approach, water demands are considered additive stochastic disturbances with non-stationary uncertainty description, unbounded support and known (or approximated) quasi-concave probabilistic distribution. A deterministic equivalent of the stochastic problem is formulated using Boole's inequality to decompose joint chance constraints into single chance constraints and by considering a uniform allocation of risk to bound these later constraints. The resultant deterministic-equivalent optimisation problem is suitable to be solved with tractable quadratic programming (QP) or second order cone programming (SOCP) algorithms. The reformulation allows to explicitly and easily propagate uncertainty over the prediction horizon, and leads to a cost-efficient management of risk that consists in a dynamic back-off to avoid frequent violation of constraints. Results of applying the proposed approach to a real case study - the Barcelona DWN (Spain) - have shown that the network performance (in terms of operational costs) and the necessary back-off (to cope with stochastic disturbances) are optimised simultaneously within a single problem, keeping tractability of the solution, even in large-scale networks. The general formulation of the approach and the automatic computation of proper back-off within the MPC framework replace the need of experience-based heuristics or bi-level optimisation schemes that might compromise the trade-off between profits, reliability and computational burden.This work has been partially supported by the EU Project EFFINET (FP7-ICT-2011-8-31855) and the DGR of Generalitat de Catalunya (SAC group Ref. 2009/SGR/1491).Peer Reviewe

    A feedback simulation procedure for real-time control of urban drainage systems

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    This paper presents a feedback simulation procedure for the real-time control (RTC) of urban drainage systems (UDS) with the aim of providing accurate state evolutions to the RTC optimizer as well as illustrating the optimization performance in a virtual reality. Model predictive control (MPC) has been implemented to generate optimal solutions for the multiple objectives of UDS using a simplified conceptual model. A high-fidelity simulator InfoWorks ICM is used to carry on the simulation based on a high level detailed model of a UDS. Communication between optimizer and simulator is realized in a feedback manner, from which both the state dynamics and the optimal solutions have been implemented through realistic demonstrations. In order to validate the proposed procedure, a real pilot based on Badalona UDS has been applied as the case study.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft
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